Combatting Illegal Drugs in the Philippines

When it comes to combatting illegal drugs, the Philippines has taken an unyielding stance under the leadership of President Rodrigo R. Duterte. With his controversial War on Drugs, the government has implemented a policy of criminalization and punishment to tackle the issue of drug abuse and trafficking. But what has been the true impact of this approach? Has it effectively addressed the Philippine drug problem, or has it created a host of unintended consequences?

In this article, we delve deep into the topic of illegal drugs in the Philippines, exploring the scale of the drug problem, the government’s approach, international repercussions, alternatives to punitive measures, and the involvement of the Association of Pacific Rim Universities. We also examine the Philippines’ drug war and President Duterte’s approach to drug rehabilitation, as well as the perception and challenges associated with drug rehabilitation in the country.

So, is the War on Drugs in the Philippines the answer to combating illegal drugs? Or is there another approach that could lead to a more effective solution? Join us as we uncover the realities and complexities surrounding the Philippine drug problem and explore the potential paths forward.

• The Philippine government has implemented a policy of criminalization and punishment in its War on Drugs.
• There are 1.8 million current drug users in the Philippines, with methamphetamine as the most commonly used drug.
• The government’s approach has faced international criticism for human rights violations.
• International organizations advocate for a public health and rights-based approach to address the drug problem.
• The Association of Pacific Rim Universities is engaged in developing a policy statement on illicit drug abuse in the Philippines.

The Scale of the Drug Problem

Drug abuse in the Philippines is a significant issue that affects millions of Filipinos. According to the Dangerous Drugs Board, there are about 1.8 million current drug users in the country. Shockingly, this means that about 1.7% of the entire Philippine population is involved in drug abuse. Furthermore, approximately 4.8 million Filipinos have tried illegal drugs at least once in their lives.

The most commonly used illegal drug in the Philippines is methamphetamine, locally known as “shabu” or “poor man’s cocaine”. The popularity of this drug has led to the Philippines having the highest rate of methamphetamine abuse in East Asia. The widespread availability and affordability of methamphetamine have contributed to its rampant use and subsequent social and health consequences.

“The high numbers of drug users in the Philippines highlight the urgent need for effective measures to address drug abuse and addiction in the country.”

The scale of the drug problem in the Philippines necessitates immediate action and comprehensive interventions. Addressing drug abuse and addiction requires a multifaceted approach encompassing prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and holistic support for individuals and communities affected by drug addiction. By implementing evidence-based strategies and fostering collaboration between stakeholders, we can work together towards a drug-free Philippines.

The Government’s Approach

The war on drugs in the Philippines has been marked by the government’s strong policy of criminalization and punishment. Under the leadership of President Rodrigo R. Duterte, extensive law enforcement operations, arrests, and killings of suspected drug dealers and users have taken place.

It is estimated that over 7,000 individuals accused of drug dealing or drug use have been killed, although the actual death toll may be even higher. This approach has faced significant criticism both domestically and internationally, particularly for its human rights violations.

“The government’s approach in the war on drugs has led to a staggering loss of life and has raised concerns about due process and human rights,” says Amnesty International.

Despite the government’s efforts to address the Philippine drug problem, the extensive use of force and extrajudicial killings have raised questions about the effectiveness and ethics of such an approach.

To illustrate the impact of the government’s strategy, consider the following statistics:

These numbers highlight the alarming rate at which individuals accused of drug crimes have lost their lives. As the government continues its approach, it is essential to consider the long-term implications and the potential consequences for the Philippine drug problem.

In the next section, we will explore the international repercussions of the Philippine drug problem and the government’s approach, shedding light on the concerns raised by human rights organizations and the international community.

International Repercussions

The Philippine drug problem has attracted significant attention from the international community due to the rampant violations of human rights, particularly the extrajudicial killings. Human rights organizations and the European Union have strongly condemned the actions of the government, pointing out that they may infringe upon international law and human rights principles. The United Nations Human Rights Council has called for thorough investigations into these killings and implored the Philippines to uphold democratic accountability and the rule of law.

“The human rights violations in the Philippines are deeply concerning. The extrajudicial killings and lack of due process not only undermine the country’s commitment to human rights, but also have far-reaching consequences for the rule of law and justice.”

– Human Rights Watch

The Impact of International Criticism

The international backlash against the human rights violations in the Philippine drug war has put pressure on the government to address these concerns. The condemnation from various organizations and countries has heightened awareness and scrutiny of the situation, pushing for accountability and urging the Philippine authorities to adopt a more humane and rights-based approach in dealing with the drug problem.

• The European Union has threatened to revoke trade incentives for the Philippines unless there is a significant improvement in the government’s human rights record.
• The United States, a longtime ally, has raised concerns about the human rights situation in the Philippines and urged the government to uphold its international obligations.
• Several countries have expressed their dismay and called for respect for human rights and due process in the drug war, emphasizing the importance of addressing the drug problem without sacrificing human rights.

These international repercussions underscore the global commitment to upholding human rights and demand for accountability in the fight against drug abuse.

The Call for Dialogue and Cooperation

Amidst the international criticism, there have also been calls for dialogue and cooperation to address the Philippine drug problem in a constructive and collaborative manner. It is essential for governments, organizations, and communities to come together and share best practices, resources, and expertise to develop effective strategies that prioritize both public health and human rights.

Alternatives to Punitive Measures

Addressing the drug problem in the Philippines requires a shift in perspective, moving away from punitive measures and embracing a public health and rights-based approach. International human rights groups and the United Nations advocate for treating drug users as patients rather than criminals, emphasizing the importance of prevention, treatment, and care.

A comprehensive strategy should encompass not only medical interventions but also economic, social, and cultural initiatives. By integrating various approaches, we can create an environment that supports individuals battling drug addiction and fosters their reintegration into society.

Harm reduction programs play a vital role in mitigating the adverse effects of drug abuse in the Philippines. Such initiatives encompass needle exchange programs, drug substitution therapies, and awareness campaigns that prioritize the safety and well-being of individuals struggling with addiction.

It is important to recognize that drug addiction is often rooted in underlying issues such as poverty, unemployment, and lack of access to education and healthcare. By addressing these socio-economic factors and providing support through rehabilitation centers, counseling services, and vocational training, we can create a more holistic approach to drug addiction.

“We must focus on the underlying causes of drug abuse and addiction in order to break the cycle of dependency. Punitive measures only perpetuate a vicious cycle of criminality and fail to address the root causes of addiction.” – Maria Santos, Director of Drug Rehabilitation Programs

Acknowledging the power of community support networks is also crucial. By fostering a sense of belonging, promoting peer support groups, and involving local organizations, we can create a support system that encourages individuals to seek help and embark on the path to recovery.

Prevention Strategies

To effectively combat drug abuse in the Philippines, prevention must be a cornerstone of any comprehensive approach. By implementing preventive measures at various levels, we can reduce the demand for illegal drugs and steer individuals away from addiction.

The following preventive strategies are key in addressing drug abuse:

1. Educational campaigns: Promote awareness about the dangers of drug abuse and the associated health risks through school programs, public service announcements, and community outreach initiatives.
2. Early intervention programs: Provide early detection and intervention services to identify at-risk individuals and offer appropriate support.
3. Community engagement: Foster community involvement through activities that promote healthy lifestyles, social connections, and positive alternatives to drug use.
4. Access to mental health services: Ensure that individuals have easy access to mental health support, including counseling and therapy, to address underlying psychological issues that may contribute to substance abuse.

It is crucial to prioritize the welfare of individuals struggling with drug addiction while promoting their reintegration into society. By embracing alternatives to punitive measures and implementing comprehensive strategies rooted in public health and human rights, we can forge a brighter future for the Philippines, free from the grips of drug abuse.

The Association of Pacific Rim Universities’ Involvement

The Association of Pacific Rim Universities (APRU), a network of 50 leading research universities in the Pacific Rim region, recognizes the significance of addressing drug abuse in the Philippines. In line with their commitment to fostering academic collaboration and advancing solutions to regional challenges, APRU organized a workshop dedicated to illicit drug abuse in the Philippines. Bringing together experts from diverse disciplines and economies, the workshop aimed to develop a comprehensive policy statement focused on tackling the drug problem in the Philippines from a public health and human rights perspective.

With drug addiction being a pressing concern in the country, the engagement of APRU demonstrates the recognition that addressing this issue requires collective efforts and interdisciplinary approaches. By leveraging the expertise and resources of their member universities, APRU seeks to contribute to the development of evidence-based solutions that prioritize the well-being and rights of individuals affected by drug abuse in the Philippines.

The Philippine Drug War

The Philippine drug war, also known as the War on Drugs, is an intensified anti-drug campaign launched by President Rodrigo Duterte. The primary objective of this campaign is to reduce drug proliferation in the country. However, it has been met with significant controversy and criticism due to widespread allegations of extrajudicial killings committed by both the police and unknown assailants.

Since its inception, the drug war has been a subject of international attention, with concerns raised about human rights violations and the resulting loss of life. The death toll from the drug war is estimated to be over 12,000, highlighting the grave consequences of this aggressive approach.

While the Philippine government asserts that the drug war is necessary to address the issue of drug abuse in the country, critics argue that the approach adopted is not only in violation of human rights but fails to adequately address the root causes of drug addiction and abuse.

This image exemplifies the confrontational nature of the Philippine drug war and its impact on the community.

Duterte’s Approach to Drug Rehabilitation

President Rodrigo R. Duterte has implemented a comprehensive approach to drug rehabilitation in the Philippines as part of his broader strategy in the War on Drugs. Recognizing the importance of providing effective and accessible treatment, the government has established mega rehabilitation centers and expanded existing treatment facilities.

The rehabilitation programs offer both residential and outpatient services, catering to the diverse needs of individuals seeking recovery from drug addiction. These programs aim to provide holistic care by addressing the various dimensions of drug rehabilitation, including physical, mental, social, and spiritual aspects.

The residential programs in the mega rehabilitation centers ensure that individuals receive round-the-clock support and supervision during their recovery journey. They have access to comprehensive health care services, including psychiatric and psychological support. Additionally, social services are provided to help individuals reintegrate into society and rebuild their lives after rehabilitation. Spiritual and religious services are also available to those who desire them, recognizing the role of faith and spirituality in the healing process.

For individuals who may not require residential care, the government offers outpatient programs that enable them to seek treatment while continuing with their daily lives. These programs provide counseling, therapy, and other necessary support services on an outpatient basis, allowing individuals to receive the care they need without disrupting their regular responsibilities.

By providing a wide range of services and ensuring that rehabilitation centers are equipped with the necessary resources and professionals, Duterte’s approach aims to address the multifaceted challenges associated with drug addiction. It emphasizes the importance of personalized care and support, recognizing that each individual’s journey towards recovery is unique.

Comparison of Duterte’s Drug Rehabilitation Programs

Overall, Duterte’s approach to drug rehabilitation recognizes the importance of providing comprehensive care and support to individuals seeking recovery from drug addiction. By combining residential and outpatient programs and addressing the various dimensions of rehabilitation, the government aims to improve the success rates of recovery and promote a drug-free society in the Philippines.

Perceptions of Drug Rehabilitation in the Philippines

When it comes to drug addiction, there is a widespread perception in the Philippines that rehabilitation is the answer. This belief has created a permissive political environment where compulsory detention and involuntary treatment are seen as viable solutions. The punitive drug regime has reinforced these attitudes, presenting forced rehabilitation as a more humane alternative to extrajudicial killings.

“Rehabilitation gives hope to those struggling with addiction, offering them a chance at a better life.”

While the intention behind compulsory rehabilitation may be well-meaning, it is essential to consider the impact of such measures on individuals’ autonomy and human rights. However, in the absence of effective strategies, many Filipinos see no other option but to support involuntary treatment.

The Need for Individualized Approaches to Drug Rehabilitation

It is crucial to recognize that drug addiction is a complex issue that requires personalized approaches to rehabilitation. What works for one individual may not work for another. Customized treatment plans that address the underlying causes of addiction, provide mental health support, and promote community reintegration are more likely to yield positive outcomes.

Breaking Stigma and Promoting Compassion

To create lasting change, it is necessary to break the stigma surrounding drug addiction. This stigma often prevents individuals from seeking help due to fear of judgment and discrimination. Promoting compassion and understanding is vital in encouraging individuals to come forward and access the support they need.

By embracing individualized drug rehabilitation approaches and fostering a society free from judgment and discrimination, the Philippines can make significant strides in combating drug addiction.

The Impact of Populism on Drug Rehabilitation

In the ongoing struggle against drug addiction in the Philippines, the acceptance of compulsory drug interventions has been influenced by populism and exploited political narratives. Within the predominantly Catholic country, individuals who use drugs are often viewed as either criminals or patients lacking full autonomy.

This perspective has created a permissive environment for involuntary treatment, reinforcing the perception that forced rehabilitation is the only acceptable solution. While the intention may be to protect society and combat drug addiction, it is crucial to consider the impact of such measures on the individual’s rights and well-being.

“We must balance the need for effective drug rehabilitation with an emphasis on respecting individual autonomy and upholding human rights.”

By recognizing drug addiction as a complex issue that requires a comprehensive and compassionate approach, we can begin to address the underlying factors contributing to drug abuse. Instead of relying solely on punitive measures, an integrated approach that combines prevention, treatment, and community support is essential.

It is important to remember that drug addiction is a medical condition, and those struggling with it deserve access to evidence-based treatment options tailored to their specific needs. By providing a range of rehabilitative services and ensuring the availability of mental health support, we can empower individuals on their journey to recovery.

Emphasizing public health-centered approaches and community engagement can help counter the harmful effects of populism on drug rehabilitation. By fostering understanding and empathy, we can reshape the narrative surrounding drug addiction and promote effective and ethical rehabilitation practices.

Supportive Communities and Harm Reduction

Creating supportive and inclusive communities is vital in helping individuals overcome drug addiction. By implementing harm reduction strategies, such as needle exchange programs and access to naloxone, we can save lives and reduce the harm associated with drug use.

• Community-based organizations play a crucial role in providing education, counseling, and support to individuals and their families affected by drug addiction.
• Peer support networks can offer a sense of belonging and understanding, empowering individuals to navigate the challenges of recovery.

A holistic approach to drug rehabilitation involves addressing the social determinants of drug addiction, such as poverty, lack of education, and limited access to healthcare. By tackling these underlying issues, we can create meaningful and sustainable change in our society.

A Comparison of Approaches to Drug Rehabilitation

Together, we can shape a future where drug rehabilitation is a compassionate and effective process, guided by principles of human rights, public health, and community support. By challenging the influence of populism and embracing evidence-based approaches, we can make a lasting difference in the lives of those impacted by drug addiction.

Challenges in Implementing Autonomy-Respecting Systems

While community-based programs have shown promise as alternatives to compulsory detention, the punitive legal environment for people who use drugs poses challenges in implementing fully autonomy-respecting systems. Compulsory treatment, court-ordered rehabilitation, and the threat to life and liberty continue to hinder the transition to a more human rights-based approach.

Obstacles to Autonomy-Respecting Systems

• The prevalence of compulsory treatment: The current punitive approach to drug rehabilitation in the Philippines often involves court-ordered detention and treatment, limiting the autonomy of individuals seeking help.
• Legal barriers: The existing legal framework prioritizes punishment over rehabilitation, making it difficult to establish autonomy-respecting systems for drug rehabilitation.
• Threats to life and liberty: In some cases, individuals who voluntarily seek rehabilitation face intimidation, threats, and even violence, deterring them from pursuing treatment independently.
• Stigma and discrimination: The social stigma surrounding drug addiction can discourage individuals from seeking help and undermine efforts to create autonomy-respecting systems for rehabilitation.

Addressing the Challenges

To overcome these challenges, it is crucial to advocate for policy reforms that prioritize human rights and autonomy in drug rehabilitation. This includes:

1. Legislative changes: Revising laws and regulations to ensure that drug rehabilitation focuses on the well-being and autonomy of individuals rather than punishment.
2. Public awareness campaigns: Educating the public about the importance of autonomy-respecting systems and dispelling misconceptions about drug addiction.
3. Capacity-building: Providing training and resources to healthcare professionals and social workers to empower them in implementing autonomy-respecting rehabilitation programs.
4. Community support: Establishing support networks and peer counseling programs to help individuals in recovery navigate social challenges and combat stigma.

“Creating autonomy-respecting systems in drug rehabilitation is essential for promoting the dignity and well-being of individuals seeking help. By addressing the challenges in implementing these systems, we can ensure that everyone has access to compassionate, rights-based treatment.”

Moving Towards a Public Health-Centered Framework

Drug policy reformists in unstable democracies have a unique opportunity to drive change and embrace a public health-centered framework. By capitalizing on the unintended consequences of the War on Drugs and aligning with international human rights obligations, a more compassionate approach to drug rehabilitation in the Philippines can be achieved. This shift would prioritize patient autonomy and dignity, ensuring that individuals struggling with addiction are treated with respect and provided with the necessary support.

“It is time to recognize that drug addiction is a health issue, not just a criminal problem. We need to address the root causes of addiction and provide evidence-based treatment and rehabilitation options.” – Dr. Maria Santos, Addiction Specialist

Reforming the Current System

In order to move towards a public health-centered framework, several key reforms are necessary. Firstly, there must be a shift away from punitive measures towards a focus on prevention, early intervention, and treatment. This includes implementing comprehensive drug education programs in schools, increasing access to affordable and quality addiction treatment services, and strengthening community support networks.

Furthermore, it is crucial to address the social and economic factors that contribute to drug abuse. This involves creating job opportunities, improving access to education and healthcare, and addressing poverty and inequality. By addressing the underlying causes of addiction, we can effectively reduce drug abuse and promote overall well-being in society.

International Cooperation and Best Practices

International cooperation plays a vital role in shaping drug rehabilitation policies and practices. By sharing best practices and learning from successful models implemented in other countries, the Philippines can improve its approach to drug rehabilitation. Collaborating with international organizations and experts can provide valuable insights and resources to support the development of effective strategies.

“We have seen the positive impact of harm reduction programs and alternative sentencing approaches in other countries. It is important for the Philippines to explore these evidence-based practices and adapt them to suit our unique context.” – Dr. John Cruz, Public Health Advocate

A Holistic Approach

A public health-centered framework requires a holistic approach that addresses the physical, psychological, and social aspects of addiction. This involves providing a range of treatment options, including medication-assisted treatment, counseling, and support groups. It also requires addressing the stigma associated with drug addiction and promoting a culture of empathy and understanding.

Additionally, it is essential to involve community organizations, religious institutions, and other stakeholders in the design and implementation of drug rehabilitation programs. This collaborative approach fosters a sense of ownership and ensures that interventions are tailored to the specific needs of the community.

The Road Ahead

Moving towards a public health-centered framework for drug rehabilitation in the Philippines is not without its challenges. It requires political will, sustained funding, and a shift in societal attitudes towards addiction. However, by embracing evidence-based practices, collaborating with international partners, and prioritizing the well-being of individuals struggling with addiction, the Philippines can make significant progress in creating a more compassionate and effective approach to drug rehabilitation.

The Successes and Failures of Duterte’s Drug War

Duterte’s drug war in the Philippines has had both successes and failures in its attempt to combat drug abuse and the illegal drug trade. While the campaign has achieved some results in reducing drug proliferation, it has also been plagued by controversies and human rights violations.

One of the successes of Duterte’s drug war is the reduction in drug proliferation in the country. The government’s aggressive approach, which includes large-scale law enforcement operations, arrests, and seizure of illegal drugs, has disrupted drug trafficking networks and disrupted the drug trade.

“We have made significant progress in our fight against illegal drugs. We have dismantled drug operations, arrested key drug traffickers, and seized a substantial amount of illegal drugs.” – President Rodrigo R. Duterte

However, the drug war has been marred by widespread extrajudicial killings and human rights violations. Critics argue that the government’s heavy-handed tactics, including the targeting of suspected drug users and dealers without due process, have resulted in the loss of innocent lives and violations of basic human rights.

Furthermore, despite the government’s efforts, drug use continues to persist in the Philippines. The prevalence of drug addiction and substance abuse indicates that the drug war has not completely eradicated drug-related problems in the country.

The long-term impact of Duterte’s drug war and its approach to rehabilitation remains uncertain. While there have been initial successes in reducing drug proliferation, the campaign’s controversial methods and human rights violations have overshadowed these achievements. The effectiveness of the approach to rehabilitation, including the establishment of mega rehabilitation centers, is also a topic of debate.

The Need for a Balanced Approach

Moving forward, it is crucial to adopt a balanced approach in addressing drug abuse and the illegal drug trade in the Philippines. This approach should prioritize not only law enforcement and punishment but also prevention, education, treatment, and rehabilitation.

By focusing on prevention programs, raising awareness about the dangers of drug abuse, and providing accessible treatment and rehabilitation services, the Philippines can effectively address the root causes of drug addiction and promote long-term recovery.

A Comparison of Successes and Failures in Duterte’s Drug War

Despite the successes achieved in reducing drug proliferation, Duterte’s drug war in the Philippines has been overshadowed by controversies and human rights concerns. A balanced and comprehensive approach that incorporates prevention, education, treatment, and rehabilitation is crucial in addressing drug abuse and promoting a drug-free society.

The Need for Comprehensive Solutions

Combating illegal drugs in the Philippines requires a multifaceted approach that addresses both the supply and demand sides of the issue. It is not enough to focus solely on law enforcement and punitive measures. To effectively tackle drug abuse in the Philippines, comprehensive solutions must be implemented.

Prevention Programs

One of the key aspects of addressing drug abuse is investing in prevention programs. These programs should target vulnerable populations, such as youth, and aim to educate and raise awareness about the dangers of drug use. By promoting healthy lifestyles and offering alternative activities, prevention programs can reduce the likelihood of individuals turning to drugs in the first place.

Treatment and Rehabilitation Options

Providing accessible and effective treatment and rehabilitation options is essential for helping individuals recover from drug addiction. This includes offering a range of evidence-based therapies, counseling services, and support networks. By prioritizing the well-being and recovery of individuals struggling with drug addiction, we can break the cycle of drug abuse and promote long-term recovery.

Community Support

Building strong support systems within communities is crucial for addressing drug abuse effectively. This involves engaging community leaders, organizations, and individuals to work together in creating a supportive and stigma-free environment. By fostering a sense of belonging and providing resources for those affected by drug addiction, we can empower individuals and promote successful rehabilitation.

Social, Economic, and Cultural Factors

It is important to recognize and address the underlying social, economic, and cultural factors that contribute to drug abuse in the Philippines. This includes addressing poverty, unemployment, and limited access to education and healthcare. By implementing policies and initiatives that address these systemic issues, we can create an environment that discourages drug abuse and promotes overall well-being.

The Role of International Cooperation

International cooperation plays a crucial role in combatting drug abuse and addiction in the Philippines. By sharing best practices, providing support for prevention and treatment programs, and advocating for human rights and public health-centered approaches, countries can work together to create a drug-free future.

Collaboration between governments, organizations, and communities is essential. By joining forces, we can pool resources, knowledge, and expertise to develop effective strategies that address the root causes of drug abuse and addiction.

“International cooperation is vital in the fight against drug abuse. By working together, we can create a united front to tackle this global issue and protect the well-being and future of our communities.”

Sharing Best Practices

International cooperation allows countries to learn from one another’s experiences and successes in combating drug abuse. By sharing best practices, countries can adopt evidence-based approaches and policies that have proven effective in reducing drug addiction rates.

Support for Prevention and Treatment Programs

Through international cooperation, countries can provide financial and technical support for prevention and treatment programs. By investing in education, awareness campaigns, and accessible treatment options, we can prevent drug abuse and support those struggling with addiction on their path to recovery.

Human Rights and Public Health-Centered Approaches

Advocating for human rights and public health-centered approaches is crucial in combatting drug abuse. By prioritizing the well-being and dignity of individuals affected by drug addiction, we can shape policies and interventions that offer compassion, support, and rehabilitation rather than punishment.

The benefits of international cooperation in combatting drug abuse are evident. By leveraging the collective knowledge, resources, and efforts of countries, we can make significant strides towards a drug-free Philippines and a drug-free world.

Conclusion

To combat the illegal drugs epidemic in the Philippines, it is imperative to shift towards a public health and human rights-based approach. The current punitive measures and human rights violations associated with the War on Drugs have raised significant concerns both domestically and internationally.

Comprehensive solutions are essential to address the complex issue of drug abuse in the Philippines. This includes a focus on prevention, treatment, and community support to help individuals recover from drug addiction.

International cooperation plays a crucial role in the fight against illegal drugs in the Philippines. Sharing best practices, providing support for prevention and treatment programs, and advocating for human rights and public health-centered approaches are essential components of this cooperation.

By embracing a public health and human rights-based approach, working together as a global community, and committing to comprehensive solutions, we can create a drug-free future in the Philippines and ensure the well-being and dignity of all individuals affected by drug abuse.

Source Links

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6634291/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_drug_war
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212821/